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Aluminium oxynitride (marketed below the identify ALON by Surmet Corporation[3]) is a clear ceramic composed of aluminium, oxygen and nitrogen. ALON is optically clear (≥ 80%) within the near-ultraviolet, seen, and midwave-infrared areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is 4 instances as arduous as fused silica glass, 85% as arduous as sapphire, and almost 115% as arduous as magnesium aluminate spinel. Since it has a cubic spinel construction, it may be fabricated to clear home windows, plates, domes, rods, tubes, and different types utilizing typical ceramic powder processing methods.[citation needed]
ALON is the toughest polycrystalline clear ceramic accessible commercially.[2] Because of its comparatively low weight, distinctive optical and mechanical properties, and resistance to oxidation or radiation, it reveals promise for purposes resembling bulletproof, blast-resistant, and optoelectronic home windows.[4] ALON-based armor has been proven to cease a number of armor-piercing projectiles of as much as .50 BMG.[5]
ALON is commercially accessible in sizes as massive as 18-by-35-inch (460 mm × 890 mm; 46 cm × 89 cm) monolithic home windows.[6]
Properties[edit]
ALON is resistant to break from numerous acids, bases, and water.[7]
Mechanical[edit]
Aluminum oxynitride has the next mechanical properties:[2]
- Compressive power 2.68 GPa
- Flexural power 0.38–0.7 GPa
- Fracture toughness 2.0 MPa·m1/2
- Knoop hardness 1800 kg/mm2 (0.2 kg load)
- Poisson ratio 0.24
- Shear modulus 135 GPa
- Young’s modulus 334 GPa
Thermal and optical[edit]
Aluminum oxynitride has the next thermal and optical properties:[8]
- Specific warmth 0.781 J/(g·°C)
- Thermal conductivity 12.3 W/(m·°C)
- Thermal enlargement coefficient ~4.7×10−6/°C
- Transparency vary 200–5000 nm
Applications[edit]
ALON is used for infrared-optical home windows, with better than 80% transparency at wavelengths beneath about 4 micrometers, dropping to close zero at about 6 micrometers.[9] As such, it has purposes as a sensor part, specialty IR domes, and home windows for laser communications.[9] It has additionally been demonstrated as an interface passivation layer in some semiconductor-related purposes.[10]
ALON has lower than half the burden and thickness of glass-based clear armor.[11] 1.6-inch (41 mm; 4.1 cm) thick ALON armor is able to stopping .50 BMG armor-piercing rounds, which might penetrate 3.7 inches (94 mm; 9.4 cm) of conventional glass laminate.[9][12]
In 2005, the United States Air Force started testing ALON, “to shield troops”.[13]
Manufacture[edit]
ALON will be fabricated as home windows, plates, domes, rods, tubes and different types utilizing typical ceramic powder processing methods. Its composition can fluctuate barely: the aluminium content material from about 30% to 36%, which has been reported to have an effect on the majority and shear moduli by just one–2%.[14] The fabricated greenware is subjected to warmth remedy (densification) at elevated temperatures adopted by grinding and sprucing to transparency. It can face up to temperatures of about 2,100 °C (2,370 Okay) in inert atmospheres. The grinding and sprucing considerably improves the influence resistance and different mechanical properties of armor.[8]
Patents[edit]
Patents associated to aluminum oxynitride embody:
- Aluminum oxynitride having improved optical traits and technique of manufacture TM Hartnett, RL Gentilman U.S. Patent 4,481,300, 1984
- Process for producing polycrystalline cubic aluminum oxynitride JW McCauley U.S. Patent 4,241,000, 1980
- Transparent aluminum oxynitride and technique of manufacture RL Gentilman, EA Maguire U.S. Patent 4,520,116, 1985; U.S. Patent 4,720,362, 1988
- Transparent aluminum oxynitride-based ceramic article JP Mathers U.S. Patent 5,231,062, 1993
In fashionable tradition[edit]
“Transparent aluminum” turned a preferred time period after its use within the movie Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986).[15][16]
See additionally[edit]
- Aluminium nitride
- Corundum
- Transparent ceramics
References[edit]
- ^ a b “ALON Optical Ceramic. Technical data” (PDF). Surmet Corporation. 2003. Archived from the unique (PDF) on 2013-06-12. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
- ^ a b c d Mohan Ramisetty et al. Transparent Polycrystalline Spinels Protect and Defend, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, vol.92, 2, 20–24 (2013)
- ^ 4520116, Richard L. Gentilman, Edward A. Maguire, Leonard E. Dolhert, “Transparent aluminum oxynitride and method of manufacture”, revealed May 28, 1985, assigned to Surmet Corp
- ^ “Domes & Infrared Optics”. Surmet.
- ^ Ramisetty, Mohan; Sastri, Suri A.; Goldman, Lee (Aug 2013). “Transparent Ceramics Find Wide Use in Optics”. Photonics Spectra.
- ^ “Surmet Achieves Major Milestone on its ALON Window Scale-up Program”. PRWeb. May 28, 2013.
- ^ Corbin, N (1989). “Aluminum oxynitride spinel: A review”. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 5 (3): 143–154. doi:10.1016/0955-2219(89)90030-7.
- ^ a b Joseph M. Wahl et al. Recent Advances in ALON Optical Ceramic, Surmet
- ^ a b c Goldman, Lee M.; Twedt, Rich; Balasubramanian, Sreeram; Sastri, Suri (2011-05-20). “ALON optical ceramic transparencies for window, dome, and transparent armor applications”. Window and Dome Technologies and Materials XII. SPIE. 8016: 64–77. doi:10.1117/12.886122.
- ^ Zhu, Ming; Tung, Chih-Hang; Yeo, Yee-Chia (2006). “Aluminum oxynitride interfacial passivation layer for high-permittivity gate dielectric stack on gallium arsenide”. Applied Physics Letters. 89 (20): 202903. Bibcode:2006ApPhL..89t2903Z. doi:10.1063/1.2388246. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- ^ Security News (2015-06-03). Optically Clear Aluminium Provides Bulletproof Protection. TSS, 3 June 2015. Retrieved on 2015-07-10 from http://www.tssbulletproof.com/optically-clear-aluminum-provides-bulletproof-protection/.
- ^ “Surmet’s ALON® Transparent Armor 50 Caliber Test”. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
- ^ Schogol, Jeff (October 30, 2005). “Air Force testing lighter, transparent ALON armor”. Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
- ^ Graham, Earl Okay.; Munly, W.C.; McCauley, James W.; Corbin, Norman D. (1988). “Elastic properties of polycrystalline aluminum oxynitride spinel and their dependence on pressure, temperature and composition”. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 71 (10): 807–812. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1988.tb07527.x.
- ^ Harve Bennett, Nicholas Meyer, Steve Meerson, & Peter Krikes (1986). “Screenplay for Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home“. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
{{cite net}}: CS1 maint: a number of names: authors record (hyperlink) - ^ Harve Bennett, Nicholas Meyer, Steve Meerson, & Peter Krikes (1986). “Screenplay for Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home“. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
{{cite net}}: CS1 maint: a number of names: authors record (hyperlink)
External hyperlinks[edit]
- Processing of Optically Transparent Aluminum Oxynitride
- Solubility Limits of La and Y in Aluminum Oxynitride (AlON) at 1870°C Lior Miller and Wayne D. Kaplan. Department of Materials Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel, 2006
- The Influence of Sintering Additives on the Microstructure and Properties of ALON. Yechezkel Ashuach. Master’s Thesis, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 2003
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